new study published in the journal Alzheimer’s & Dementia determined that elderly adults who strictly adhered to a modified Mediterranean diet called the MIND diet for a period of five years tested 7.5 years younger in terms of cognition than study participants who “adhered the least.”  But if you know someone in a hurry to get better, consider this. A more impressive study, conducted with the U of Mass formulation, now called Perceptiv™ found that participants who took two tablets daily performed like those “15-20 years younger” after only 3 months! So which approach would you prefer – 7.5 years of regression in 5 years or 15 years of regression in 3-5 months?![1] Actually doing both is best. But, wait, now there may be something even better.

There is a new formulation that appears to produce even better results more quickly than the UMass formulation. It’s called Memoryze™.  I’ve talked about it here before, but only on a couple of occasions, and one was on a video that is no longer available.  However, as I see more people try this new combination I am becoming more impressed. Additionally, it doesn’t require taking any pills, as it comes in the form of a tasty drink mix. You simply pour it into a cup and add water.

The first 3 people that I knew who tried this formulation had been taking the UMass formula, and done well initially. But after a year or so on that, all 3 were once again seeing more slippage, i.e. they were forgetting more, remembering less, and 2 were becoming more agitated and confused. But those symptoms once again regressed in all 3 after being on this for only a couple of months.

One wife whose husband had been diagnosed with Alzheimer’s reported:

“After only a month on this new formula my husband was doing better than he’s done in the last two year!  He was so doped up he could hardly talk or walk. Now he is on NO medication. He’s had a complete personality reversal. Others have noticed as well. He can talk better, is much calmer, more compliant, considerate and loving. No more evening agitation or belligerent behavior. No more “Sundowners syndrome.”

Another man who sustained a TBI (traumatic brain injury) in an auto accident, felt some improvement on the university formula, but after a year or so had pretty much plateaued. However, he noted significant improvement once again in memory after being on this just a few weeks.

Healthier people over 40 with memory issues tend to improve more quickly, on a broader scale with this new formulation. And here is why –

Most medications for Alzheimer’s and some other supplements do a decent job of increasing the molecules of memory – neurotransmitters, but don’t address the underlying issues that age and damage cells; or they contain decent antioxidants, but little if anything to increase neurotransmitters. Memoryze and Perceptiv have both, but Memoryze has more for memory in a powerful combination that improves not only memory, but lifts mood and overall energy levels as well, especially when combined with SAMe (which is in  Perceptiv, but not Memoryze as it is not water soluble.)

Hydration is also very important for those with any type of cognitive mood or memory impairment. And since this is a drink mix it facilitates that as well.

So why do these work better than meds and diet alone. The simple truth is that the brain is totally dependent upon good nutrition for its maintenance; in fact it’s an oxygen and nutrient hog! Although it comprises less than 3% of our body mass it utilizes more than 25% of the oxygen and energy we create. And all this activity and trillions of cells require a wide variety of nutrients – vitamins, minerals, proteins, fats and carbohydrates to keep them functioning optimally.

Ideally our brain will obtain all of the nutrients it needs from the foods we eat. However, as many studies have shown, often seniors do not eat as well as they should, especially in more industrialized countries where they have easy access to processed foods, that have lost much of their nutritional value.

Moreover, it is well known that as we age our body is not as good at extracting the nutrients it needs from the foods we consume. This becomes even more difficult if a person has stomach or digestion problems like acid reflux, irritable bowel syndrome, celiac’s or crohn’s disease, or if they take antacids like Prilosec®, Zantac® or Nexium®, or consume high amounts of extra fiber with their meals like Metamucil®. All of these either cause or are signs of impaired digestion and nutrient absorption.

As a result of this confluence of factors, various studies have shown that seniors, especially those experiencing age-related memory problems tend to be critically low in a variety of nutrients, at least: Vitamins B-12 and folate, vitamins C, D and E, Acetyl-L-carnitine, N-acetyl-cysteine, SAMe, Omega-3 fatty acids, tryptophan, choline, magnesium, selenium, zinc, and likely many more.[2]

While it may be very difficult, if not impossible to overcome these nutritional deficits with improved diet alone, various studies have shown that some specialized nutritional supplements, especially containing combination of nutrients, can have a significant positive effect on seniors.[3]  So, for example, as I noted in class, a study at Utah State University revealed that by simply supplementing a healthy diet with high amounts of antioxidants C & E, over a period of years, greatly reduced the risk for cognitive decline.[4]

A 2009 study out of Oxford University provided strong evidence that daily consumption of three simple B vitamins – B-6, B-12 and folic acid could in fact help to control inflammation in the brain, reduce homocysteine and arrest age-related cognitive decline. In fact they found in a double blind study that 2 years of supplementing with these brain essential nutrients reduced the rate of brain atrophy, and to a significant extent improved performance on memory tests, compared to those taking a placebo.[5]  Moreover, a recent review of this research at UCLA showed those taking these B vitamins had 90% less shrinkage in their brains! Additionally the areas best protected were those that control how we learn, remember and organize our thoughts, precisely those that gradually atrophy as we age.

After reviewing these results Dr. Paul Thompson, head of the Imaging Genetics Center at UCLA School of Medicine noted “I’ve never seen results from brain scans showing this level of protection.”[6]

One of the top researchers in this field is Dr. Thomas Shea, a former professor of biology and researcher at Harvard Medical School.  During his time there, he used various drugs to stabilize critical metabolic pathways that cause loss of brain cells. Then he transferred to the University of Massachusetts- Lowell, where he met other scientists who had been working on antioxidants and other nutritional interventions, and together they discovered that antioxidants and nutritional supplements were often more effective at promoting nervous system health than were the drugs and chemicals he had been using.

Their ongoing studies over 15 years led to the publication of over 60 scientific reports in this field, and the development of what until now has been touted as the best brain formula yet. Dr. Shea conducted 7 clinical studies on this synergistic formulation. The last one with a quarter million dollar grant from the national Alzheimer’s Association.

This formulation contains the following ingredients: (Click on any of these ingredients for additional information related to their role in maintaining a healthy brain.)

Folic acid and B12  control and reduce the inflammatory neurotoxin homocysteine and play other critical roles in maintaining healthy neurons and energy throughout life.[7], [8]

Vitamin E (as alpha-tocopherol) quenches free radicals to prevent neuron membrane damage from oxidation and is essential for nervous system maintenance.[9], [10]

N-acetyl Cysteine (NAC)  is an antioxidant and precursor for our own antioxidant — glutathione.[11] Glutathione is many times more powerful in quenching free radicals and protecting neurons in the brain than are plant-based antioxidants.[12], [13]

Acetyl-L-Carnitine  (ALCAR) also provides antioxidant protection, helps break down fats to be converted into energy in the mitochondria, facilitates neurogenesis and regulates stress response mechanisms in neuronal tissue.[14], [15], [16],

S-adenosyl methionine (SAMe) is critical for cellular and DNA protection as we age through a process called methylation. It maintains choline, which allows generation of acetylcholine, the chemical messenger of memories, as well as serotonin (a mood enhancer), and melatonin (which enables us to sleep at night). It also promotes the generation of the powerful endogenous antioxidant glutathione, and is a cofactor for the neuro protective glutathione S-transferase in central nervous tissue. [17][18], [19], [20], [21]

In summary, numerous clinical studies have shown that these ingredients do the following:

  • Improve energy production in the brain.[22], [23]
  • Improve brain cell communication. [24], [25]
  • Help compensate for genetic and nutritional deficiencies in the brain[26], [27], [28], [29]
  • Reduce free radical production and damage to maintain cellular vitality.[30], [31], [32], [33]
  • Increase our body’s production of powerful protective antioxidants – much more powerful than the antioxidants in food to slow aging of the brain. [34], [35], [36], [37], [38]
  • Helps the brain recover from the ravages of age related oxidative stress.[39], [40]
  • Help reduce damaging inflammation and plaque in our brain and arteries to facilitate the free flow of oxygen and nutrients to the brain for learning. [41], [42]
  • Increase the chemical messengers of mood and memory.[43], [44],[45], [46]

 In combination, Dr. Shea and his team found in 5 clinical studies that this formula:

  • Enhances mood as well as memory so subjects think and feel better![47], [48], [49]
  • Enables adults to think faster and remember more.51, [50]
  • In one study 74% of participants (ages 35-74) who took this formulation for 3 months performed on average 20% faster and 68% more accurately on  timed tests of memory and executive function.[51]
  • These healthy adults tested as if they were 15-20 years younger.94
  • Subjects were able to focus and concentrate better.
  • Critical thinking, planning and executive functions improved.
  • They felt a reduction in agitation, irritability, depression and aggression. 51, 53, [52],

In summary they found this formulation provided a safe and effective means for cognitive enhancement for seniors.51, 52, 53, 54

If you would like to try it just go to www.ThinkPerceptiv.com the retail cost for one bottle is typically $69.95

But for those with more serious memory challenges, for any who do not like taking pills, or who desire faster results there in now this new formula. When combined with SAMe, this new formula contains all of the ingredients found in PERCEPTIV™  However it also contains 6 other ingredients which make it even more effective, especially for enhancing memory.

The additional ingredients are PS (Phosphatidylserine), Alpha GPC Choline, Curcumin, Rhodiola, Resveratrol, and Ginkgo Biloba. I won’t take the time and space to go into each of these in depth, but suffice it to say that each have been studied independently at numerous universities and found to be of significant value in improving memory.

PS, for example, is a primary constituent of brain cells and was the subject of numerous studies by Thomas Crook, PhD, one of the top researchers in the National Institute of Health, and Parris Kidd Ph.D a professor at UC Birkley. In one double-blind, placebo-controlled study, individuals diagnosed with Alzheimer’s who took 300 (mg/day) of phosphatidylserine performed significantly better on standardized memory tests at the end of 12 weeks than did those who received placebo. Dr. Crook later wrote a book called The Memory Cure, based primarily on this research with PS.

Choline is the primary constituent in acetylcholine, the neurotransmitter of memories. It also helps in the generation of new brain cells.  Graduate students at MIT in the early 70’s found that certain forms of dietary choline could significantly improve memory. But the form they used was very expensive. Finally, after a decade of research Alpha GPC choline was developed which has been proven to provide the brain with this vital nutrient at an affordable price. This has even been used with success to help restore memory abilities in stroke victims.

*  Curcumin comes from the spice Turmeric. Anciently it was highly prized for it’s ability to prolong life. It’s one of the most effective nutrients known for fighting inflammation in both the body and brain. Research at UCLA showed that it helps protect the brain from the ravages of aging in at least six different ways, including the production of the powerful endogenous antioxidant glutathione. It also reduces the accumulation of Beta amyloid[53] and the promotion of new brain cells.[54]

* Rhodiola has an amazing ability to both reduce cortisol and stress in the brain while at the same time increase oxygen to enhance energy needed for thinking. It’s therefore been shown to both enhance long term memory and elevate mood.[55]

* Resveratrol is an antioxidant that comes form the skins of grapes and is believed to give wine most of it’s medicinal value to protect the vascular system and promote vitality. A recent study suggested it can cross the blood brain barrier  and may significantly slow the onset of Alzheimer’s.

* Ginkgo has been shown in more than 100 studies to improve memory. It does this in several different ways but primarily through the facilitation of improved blood flow to the brain.

Plus Memoryze™ contains vitamin C as well as E, B-6 and a better form of B-12.

All of these ingredient are provided in therapeutic doses, to produce a powerful synergistic effect found in no other formula that I am aware of. I am familiar with a lot of “memory” formulas, having studied these for the past 30+ years. Plus I have a client/ friend who lives in a prominent senior community who sends me a new advertisement about every week for some new memory formula. And he’s tried many of them. But while there are a number of other formulas and nutrients shown to help memory, this one has the best empirical backing of it’s ingredients for enhancing both mood and memory that I am aware of.

Of course because it contains twice as much it costs more, again normally $69 for a month’s supply. And it’s well worth the extra cost. This would cost more than $120 if all of these ingredient were purchased separately.

But $69 a month is still a significant investment for many seniors.  So I was able to work out a special offer for you with the team now selling this. If you or someone you know would like to try this, simply email me at DavidRJL@aol.com or give me a call at 801 529-8238 and I will share with you the best price and how to obtain in. I take this formula myself every day and believe it is the best formula available to help maintain a healthy brain.

There are a variety of physical and mental activities that can help maintain a healthy brain and improve memory, but none of them work optimally if your brain is lacking the essential nutrients it needs to protect itself and function properly.  And Memoryze™ provides more of what’s needed in higher amounts than any other formula I am aware of.

I think it’s worth a try.

David R. Larsen, MFHD

References cited

[1]    Shea, T.B. Nutriceutical formulation-1 improves mental processing in normal adults: Relationship of Improvement to Normative Age and Education. Unpublished abstract and analysis from Chan A, et al. 2010, sent July 4, 2012. received via personal e-mail. [Available upon request]

[2]   Shea, TB, Remington, R, (2012) Nutrition and Dementia: are we asking the right questions? J Alzheimer’s Disease, in press. See also David Perlmutter, M.D. (2004) The Better Brain Book, Riverhead books;  and Mark Hyman, M.D. (2009) The Ultra Mind Solution.

[3]    Ibid

[4]   Zandi, PP, Anthony, JC, Khachaturian, AS, et al. Reduced Risk of Alzheimer Disease in Users of Antioxidant Vitamin Supplements. Arch Neurol. 2004;61:82-88.

[5]   Smith, AD, Smith, SM, de Jager, CA, Whitbread, P, Johnston, C, et al. 2010 Homocysteine-Lowering by B Vitamins Slows the Rate of Accelerated Brain Atrophy in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Controlled Trial. PLoS ONE 5(9):e12244.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012244

[6]   http://foodmatters.tv/articles-1/can-vitamin-b-save-your-brain

[7]   Berg MJ, The importance of folic acid. J Gend Specif Med, 1999. 2(3): p. 24-8.

[8]   Mattson MP and Shea TB, Folate and homocysteine metabolism in neural plasticity and neurodegenerative disorders. Trends Neurosci, 2003. 26(3): p. 137-46.

[9]  Muller DP and Goss-Sampson MA, Neurochemical, neurophysiological, and neuropathological studies in vitamin E deficiency. Crit Rev Neurobiol, 1990. 5(3): p.             239-63.

[10]  Sokol RJ, Vitamin E and neurologic function in man. Free Radic Biol Med, 1989. 6(2): p. 189-207

[11]  Cotgreave IA, N-acetylcysteine: pharmacological considerations and experimental and clinical applications. Adv Pharmacol, 1997. 38: p. 205-27.

[12]   Crack PJ, Cimdins K, et al. Lack of glutathione peroxidase-1 exacerbates Abeta-mediated neurotoxicity in cortical neurons. J Neural Transm. 2005 Oct 21

[13]  Tchantchou F, Graves M, et al. N-acetyl cysteine alleviates oxidative damage to central nervous system of ApoE-deficient mice following folate and vitamin E-deficiency. J Alzheimers Dis. 2005 Apr;7(2):135-8.

[14]  Kidd PM, Neurodegeneration from mitochondrial insufficiency: nutrients, stem cells, growth factors, and prospects for brain rebuilding using integrative management. Altern Med Rev, 2005. 10(4): p. 268-93.

[15]   Silva-Adaya D, Perez-De La Cruz V, Herrera-Mundo MN, et al. Excitotoxic damage, disrupted energy metabolism, and oxidative stress in the rat brain: antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of L-carnitine. J Neurochem, 2008. 105(3): p. 677-89.

[16]   Calabrese V, Cornelius C, Mancuso C, et al. Cellular stress response: a novel target for chemoprevention and nutritional neuroprotection in aging, neurodegenerative disorders and longevity. Neurochem Res, 2008. 33(12): p. 2444-71.

[17]    http://www.lef.org/magazine/mag97/march97-report.html

                http://www.lef.org/magazine/mag2003/jun2003_report_same_01.html

[18]   Kennedy BP, Bottiglieri T, Arning E, Ziegler MG, Hansen LA, and Masliah E, Elevated S-adenosylhomocysteine in Alzheimer brain: influence on methyltransferases and cognitive function. J Neural Transm, 2004. 111(4): p. 547-67.

[19]   S-adenosyl methionine (SAMe) augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors for antidepressant nonresponders with major depressive disorder: a double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2010 Aug;167(8):942-8.

[20]   Tchantchou F, Graves M, Falcone D, and Shea TB, S-adenosylmethionine mediates glutathione efficacy by increasing glutathione S-transferase activity: implications for S-adenosyl methionine as a neuroprotective dietary supplement. J Alzheimers Dis, 14(3): p. 323-8.

[21] Chan A, Tchantchou F, Graves V, Rozen R, and Shea TB, Dietary and genetic compromise in folate availability reduces acetylcholine, cognitive performance and increases aggression: critical role of S-adenosyl methionine. J Nutr Health Aging,             2008. 12(4): p. 252-61.

[22] Aureli T, Puccetti C, Di Cocco ME, et al. Entry of [(1,2-13C2) acetyl]-L-carnitine in liver tricarboxylic acid cycle and lipogenesis: a study by 13C NMR spectroscopy in conscious, freely moving rats. Eur J Biochem. 1999;263:287-293.

[23]  Esposito E,Rotilio D,DiMatteo V,DiGuilioC,CacchioM, Algeri S. A review of specific dietary antioxidants and the effects on biochemical mechanisms related to neurodegenerative processes. Neurobiol Aging. 2002;23:719-735.

[24]  Kennedy BP, Bottiglieri T, Arning E, Ziegler MG, Hansen LA, and Masliah E, Elevated S-adenosylhomocysteine in Alzheimer brain: influence on methyltransferases and cognitive function. J Neural Transm, 2004. 111(4): p. 547-67.

[25]  S-adenosyl methionine (SAMe) augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors for antidepressant nonresponders with major depressive disorder: a double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2010 Aug;167(8):942-8.

[26]  Shea, TB, Remington, R, (2012) Nutrition and Dementia: are we asking the right questions? J Alzheimer’s Disease, in press. See also David Perlmutter, M.D. (2004) The Better Brain Book, Riverhead books;  and Mark Hyman, M.D. (2009) The Ultra Mind Solution.

[27]  Zandi, PP, Anthony, JC, Khachaturian, AS, et al. Reduced Risk of Alzheimer Disease in Users of Antioxidant Vitamin Supplements. Arch Neurol. 2004;61:82-88.

[28]  Chan A, Tchantchou F, Graves V, Rozen R, Shea TB.Dietary and genetic compromise in folate availability reduces acetylcholine and cognitive performance: critical role of S-adenosylmethionine. J Health Nutr Aging. 2008;12:252-261.

[29] De La Cruz JP, Villalobos MA, Cuerda MA, et al. Effects of S-adenosyl-L-methionine on lipid peroxidation and glutathione levels in rat brain slices exposed to reoxygenation after oxygen-glucose deprivation. Neurosci Lett. 2002;318:103-107.

[30] Esposito E,Rotilio D,DiMatteo V,DiGuilioC,CacchioM, Algeri S. A review of specific dietary antioxidants and the effects on biochemical mechanisms related to neurodegenerative processes. Neurobiol Aging. 2002;23:719-735.

[31] Dhitavat S, Rivera E, Shea TB. Differential efficacy of lipophilic and cytosolic antioxidants on generation of reactive oxygen species by amyloid-beta. J Alz Dis. 2001;3:525-529.

[32] Liu H, Wang H, Shenvi S, Hagen TM, Liu RM. Glutathione metabolism during aging and in Alzheimer disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004;1019:346-349.

[33] Tchantchou F, Graves M, Ashline D, et al. Increased transcription and activity of glutathione synthase in response to deficiencies in folate, vitamin E and apolipoprotein E. J Neurosci Res. 2004;75:508-515.

[34]  Sokol RJ, Vitamin E and neurologic function in man. Free Radic Biol Med, 1989.

6(2): p. 189-207

[35]  Crack PJ, Cimdins K, et al. Lack of glutathione peroxidase-1 exacerbates Abeta-mediated neurotoxicity in cortical neurons. J Neural Transm. 2005 Oct 21

[36]  Tchantchou F, Graves M, et al. N-acetyl cysteine alleviates oxidative damage to central nervous system of ApoE-deficient mice following folate and vitamin E-deficiency. J Alzheimers Dis. 2005 Apr;7(2):135-8.

[37]   Tchantchou F, Graves M, Falcone D, and Shea TB, S-adenosylmethionine mediates

glutathione efficacy by increasing glutathione S-transferase activity: implications for S-adenosyl methionine as a neuroprotective dietary supplement. J Alzheimers Dis, 2008. 14(3): p. 323-8.

[38]   Silva-Adaya D, Perez-De La Cruz V, Herrera-Mundo MN, et al. Excitotoxic damage,

disrupted energy metabolism, and oxidative stress in the rat brain: antioxidant and

neuroprotective effects of L-carnitine. J Neurochem, 2008. 105(3): p. 677-89.

[39]  Villalobos MA, De La Cruz JP, Cuerda MA, Ortiz P, Smith-Agreda JM, Sanchez De La Cuesta F. Effect of S-adenosyl-L-methionine on rat brain oxidative stress damage in a combined model of permanent focal ischemia and global ischemia-reperfusion. Brain Res. 2000;883:31-40.

[40]  De La Cruz JP, Pavia J, Gonzalez-Correa JA, Ortiz P, Sanchez de la Cuesta F. Effects of chronic administration of S-adenosyl-L-methionine on brain oxidative stress in rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2000;361:47-52.

[41]  Mattson MP and Shea TB, Folate and homocysteine metabolism in neural plasticity

and neurodegenerative disorders. Trends Neurosci, 2003. 26(3): p. 137-46.

[42]  Fu AL, Dong ZH, Sun MJ. Protective effect of N-acetyl-L-cysteine on amyloid beta-peptide-induced learning and memory deficits in mice. Brain Res. 2006;1109:201-206.

[43]  Chan A, Shea TB. Improved cognitive performance and decreased aggression in normal and ApoE4 mice following dietary supplementation with N-acetyl cysteine, acetyl-L-carnitine and S-adenosyl methionine. Neuromol Med. 2007;9:264-269.

[44]  Chan A, Shea TB. Improved cognitive performance and decreased aggression in normal and ApoE4 mice following dietary supplementation with N-acetyl cysteine, acetyl-L-carnitine and S-adenosyl methionine. Neuromol Med. 2007;9:264-269.

[45] Barnes CA, Markowska AL, Ingram DK, et al. Acetyl-1-carnitine. Effects on learning and memory performance of aged rats in simple and complex mazes. Neurobiol Aging. 1990;11:499-506.

[46] Mischoulon D, Fava M. Role of S-adenosyl-Lmethionine in the treatment of depression: a review of

the evidence. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76:1158S-1161S.

[47] Chan A, Paskavitz J, Remington R, Rasmussen S, and Shea TB, Efficacy of a vitamin/nutriceutical formulation for early-stage Alzheimer’s disease: a 1-year, open-label pilot study with an 16-month caregiver extension. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen, 2008. 23(6): p. 571-85.

[48] Chan A, Paskvitz J, Shea TB. A novel vitamin/nutraceutical formulation that delays cognitive decline and improves mood in early-stage Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Dement. 2007;3:S98.

[49]  Shea, T. B Communication July 5, 2012 regarding 2010-2011 Alzheimer’s Association funded study completed in April 2012, not yet published.

[50] Chan A, Remington R, et al, A Vitamin/Nutriceutical Formulation Improves Memory and Cognitive Performance in Community-Dwelling Adults without Dementia J Nutr Health Aging, 2010, 14(3): 224-30.

[51] Shea, T.B. Nutriceutical formulation-1 improves mental processing in normal adults: Relationship of Improvement to Normative Age and Education. Unpublished abstract and analysis from Chan A, et al. 2010, sent July 4, 2012. received via personal e-mail. [Available upon request]

[52] Chan A, Paskvitz J, Shea TB. A novel vitamin/nutraceutical formulation that delays cognitive decline and improves mood in early-stage Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Dement. 2007;3:S98.

[53] Zhang L,  Fiala M, Cashman J, et al. Curcuminoids enhance amyloid-beta uptake by macrophages of Alzheimer’s disease patients. J Alzheimers Dis. 2006 Sep;10(1):1-7. PMID: 16988474

[54]  http://www.lef.org/magazine/mag2007/oct2007_report_curcumin_01.htm

[55] Petkov VD, Yonkov D, Mosharoff A, et al. Effects of alcohol aqueous extract from Rhodiola rosea L. roots on learning and memory. Acta Physiol Pharmacol Bulg. 1986;12(1):3-16.

 

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